Round little white balls could be urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, or probably a few other kinds of fertilizer or salt. I think you're on the right track, pressure wash, but not near electrical connectors, rinse those with water gently and for hours, spray your electrical connectors with silicone spray, phosphoric acid of some sort (your rust remover spray, ospho etc.), maybe oil up the rusted areas, maybe zinc rich primer then oil, maybe and undercoating like boeshield or fluid film. DON'T put a thick paint over any existing rust, there will still be traces of salt or fertilizer to keep the rust going under the paint.
Mildly acidic water is supposed to be better for rinsing salt residue off, like typical rainwater.