Re the oil filter, Are you talking about engine oil filter? If so, there should be a hollow steel spike, with a little hole, at the top, that sticks up, from the oil filter base. If the spike is missing, you need the spike part to get adequate oil, into the filter. It can be fabbed out of rigid copper tubing, crimped and soldered at the top, with a 1/8" hole drilled about 1/2" below the top as long as it is a tight fit, into the filter housing base, and doesn't hit the top of the filter, when you tighten it down. The little plastic thingy in the original filter might have been a field expedient repair, some shade tree mechanic did, in the past, or the stick that used to come with these filters,is now plastic, as packing.
You have to remember these filters, the correct ones, are stuffed with cotton rag media, the stick is used to keep the cotton from settling, and filling the hole, for the spike to go in. There have been problems with the wix and napa filters, (not enough media, or paper media), these will result in a no oil pressure reading. AC-Delco and others make the right filter, it is an oddball, with mayonaise jar threads, on the bottom (external threads).
I think the correct AC-Delco # is like PF459, but don't rely on my memory! Look up any A/C gas farm tractor, in the following list, to find the right filter #: A/C- B,C,CA, D-10, D-12, D-14, D15(series 1), Early D-17, WD, WD-45( the last 3 tractors at least, the gas versions) motors will bolt right up to the D-grader. Also, I think a D-15(series2) you can rob the oil filter housing off of, to convert to a newer style filter(fram PH8A?). You might have to drill and tap the mounting holes bigger, to do this, again fault my memory...